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- Candide, by Voltaire
-
- Voltaire's Candide is a novel which contains conceptual ideas and at the
- same time is also exaggerated. Voltaire offers sad themes disguised by
- jokes and witticism, and the story itself presents a distinctive outlook
- on life. The crucial contrast in the story deals with irrational ideas
- as taught to Candide about being optimistic, versus reality as viewed by
- the rest of the world.
-
- The main theme which is presented throughout the novel is optimism.
- Out of every unfortunate situation in the story, Candide, the main
- character, has been advised by his philosopher-teacher that everything
- in the world happens for the better, because "Private misfortunes
- contribute to the general good, so that the more private misfortunes
- there are, the more we find that all is well" (Voltaire, p. 31).
- Pangloss, the philosopher, tries to defend his theories by determining
- the positive from the negative situations and by showing that
- misfortunes bring some privileges. As Candide grows up, whenever
- something unfortunate happens, Pangloss would turn the situation around,
- bringing out the good in it. Candide learns that optimism is "The
- passion for maintaining that all is right when all goes wrong "
- (Voltaire, p.86).
-
- According to Rene Pomeau, "Voltaire-Candide...have made him [Candide]
- acquainted with the bad and the good side of human existence. The moral
- of Candide is born out of its style; it is the art of extracting
- happiness from the desolate hopping-about of the human insect" (Adams;
- Pomeau p.137). Pomeau explains that Candide shows both sides of
- humanity; how both great and terrible events are standard in a human
- life. Also according to Pomeau, the whole point of the story is to
- debate between good and bad; for example, as Candide becomes more
- independent, he starts to doubt that only good comes out of life.
-
- Pangloss is a very hopeful character in the story because he refuses to
- accept bad. He is also somewhat naive and believes that he could make
- the world a better place by spreading his theories on optimism. When
- Candide had met up with Pangloss after a long period of time, Pangloss
- said that he was almost hanged, then dissected, then beaten. Candide
- asked the philosopher if he still thought that everything was for the
- better, and Pangloss replied that he still held his original views. No
- matter how little Pangloss believed in the fact that somehow everything
- would turn out well, he still maintained his original views. Voltaire
- exaggerates his point on optimism; there is nobody in reality who is
- positive about everything all the time, especially about something so
- horrible. One could conclude that Pangloss is an irrational and inane
- figure, and Voltaire tries to expose how incomprehensible his beliefs
- are which do not measure up to reality.
-
- According to Linguet, "Candide offers us the saddest of themes
- disguised under the merriest of jokes" (Adams; Wade p. 144). It seems
- as if Candide was written as a comedy; not because of humor, but because
- every time something bad occurs, a quick turn of events happens which
- bring everything back to normal. One moment Candide murders the brother
- of the woman he loves, the next moment he travels to a land where he
- sees women mating with monkeys. In instances like these, it doesn't
- seem like Voltaire is serious about tragic events.
-
- During the course of Candide's journey, an earthquake strikes,
- murdering thirty thousand men, women, and children. In reality, this is
- a horrible predicament to be involved with. In Pangloss' world, " It is
- impossible for things not to be where they are, because everything is
- for the best" (Voltaire, p. 35), meaning that the earthquake was
- necessary in the course of nature, and so there was definitely a
- rationale for the situation.
-
- To show contrast in the story, Voltaire introduces a character whose
- beliefs are completely opposite than the beliefs of Pangloss. This
- character is Martin, a friend and advisor of Candide who he meets on his
- journey. Martin is also a scholar, and a spokesman for pessimism.
- Martin continuously tries to prove to Candide that there is little
- virtue, morality, and happiness in the world. When a cheerful couple
- are seen walking and singing, Candide tells Martin "At least you must
- admit that these people are happy. Until now, I have not found in the
- whole inhabited earth...anything but miserable people. But this girl
- and this monk, I'd be willing to bet, are very happy creatures"
- (Voltaire, p. 58). "I'll bet they aren't" (Voltaire p. 58), replies
- Martin, and he bets Candide that the couple are, in fact, depressed,
- and are disguising their unhappiness. Upon talking to the couple,
- Martin, ironically, proved correct, strengthening his pessimistic
- views. Martin claims to be a pessimist because he "knows what life is "
- (Voltaire, p. 117) which is why Martin concludes that man was born to
- suffer.
-
- Candide becomes affected by optimism in different ways throughout his
- life. The name Candide comes from the Latin word candidus, which means
- white, and symbolizes innocence. Perhaps Candide very readily believed
- in optimism at first because of his innocence. Candide grew up as a
- naive and vulnerable child in his own Eden and was only exposed to the
- brighter side of life and the idea that everything in the world happens
- for the better. He did not know what to expect in the real world and
- why things happened. As Candide progressed in life, though, his eyes
- opened and he became exposed to bad without goodness coming out of it,
- like when the people he cared for were harmed. Candide became more
- independent and learned to form his own opinions. He would look at the
- world and say exactly what he saw, and in every situation where Pangloss
- is absent, Candide would refer to Pangloss' spirit: "What would Pangloss
- think?" Over time Candide realized that "Pangloss cruelly deceived
- [him] when he told [him] that all is for the best in this world "
- (Voltaire p.43).
-
- For a long time throughout Candide's life, he believed strongly in
- optimism, not because he was forced to, but because he was raised in
- that manner. It is possible, however, that all along, deep down inside,
- Candide doubted the philosophies of his teacher because of his exposure
- to immorality in the real world. For example, Candide witnessed the
- public hanging of two Portuguese Jews simply because they refused to eat
- bacon for dinner. It was occurrences like these which demonstrated the
- inhumanity that one person can do to another, leading Candide to
- disbelieve Pangloss' philosophies.
-
- Voltaire himself does not necessarily agree with the views of the
- philosopher Pangloss, that optimism is always the best way of looking
- at life. Many people in the story who were presumed to be dead were
- found to be alive and well. Cunegonde, the object of Candide's
- affections, was thought dead by Candide but she had really been raped
- and sold into slavery. Pangloss was also presumed dead but he
- reappeared in Candide's life. Although it is good that these people did
- not die, this is not an example of good coming from bad, since bad
- (their deaths) never even happened in the first place. This does not at
- all prove Pangloss' ideas.
-
- It is debatable whether Candide is a novel whose purpose is to teach a
- moral and be analyzed, or if it was written for entertainment purposes
- only. According to I.O. Wade, in the Journal Encyclopedique, the story
- was written for entertainment purposes and the author should have dealt
- more with important matters such as religion instead of focusing on
- story line. Most of the story is about the journeys of Candide, and
- Voltaire did not include significant morals upon writing the novel. In
- Grimm's review, it is also thought that Candide was not meant to be a
- high quality piece of work, but rather as something enjoyable. It is
- written in bad taste, yet filled with gaiety, and the amusing parts make
- it entertaining.
-
- According to Georges Ascoli, "Nothing could be more lively, more witty,
- or more instructive than this story...Too often Voltaire, delighted with
- his own artistic flair...gives us amusing stories...Let us take them for
- what they are, not giving too much historical credit...but tasting
- freely of the delights of well told stories" (Adams; Ascoli p.129).
- Ascoli takes Candide to be a witty and lively story despite the
- misfortune in the characters' lives. He, too, thinks the story was
- written for entertainment in which Voltaire did a good job. The readers
- should accept the story for its zest, and not try to find a deep hidden
- meaning.
-
- Candide's learnings and the events that happened to him affected his
- character in many ways. He had learned to become his own person, to
- accept life for what it had to offer, and that not everything had to be
- analyzed to decide whether it was good or bad. In this way Candide can
- be an example for all those who read his story.